Five good ideas to paraphrase Rubrics in Essay questions

(B)        Paraphrasing
1.        Change word forms
You can change nouns to verbs, verbs to nouns, nouns to adjectives, and so on. This process usually involves making other changes in sentence structure as well.

Examples:
When we look at a comparison between A and B…
When we compare A and B

There are a variety of solutions to problem C.
There are various solution to problem C.

2.       
Replace words or phrases with synomyms.

X is not allowed.
X is not permitted.

Project Y was almost completed.
Project Y was nearly finished.

NB: It is not a good idea to use synonyms for concept words, technical terms, or “proper nouns” (words that begin with capital letters, such as names)

Example:
The international Science Foundation is investigating the effects of gamma rays.

In the sentence above, you would not paraphrase International Science Foundation(proper nouns) or gamma rays (technical term).


3.       
Change the grammar.

Trained scientists performed this research.
This research was performed by trained scientists.

NB: Try to avoid replacing too many active verbs with passive verbs; active verbs are preferable because they are stronger than passive verbs.

Several computer programs can be used to solve this problem.
There are several computer prorams that can be used to solve this problem.
A there +to be pattern is used in place of a Subject+verb pattern.
It’s easy to use A.
Using A is easy.
Infinitive “to use” is substituted by gerund “using”

This A, which is one of the most powerful Zs in the world, has…
This A, one of the most powerful Zs in the work, has…
An noun phrase is used in place of a relative clause.

Study Y, which was conducted by sociologiests in 2004, shows that…
Study Y, conducted by sociologists in 2004, shows that…
A past participle is used to reduce a relative clause.

4.
Reverse negatives.
A is not as easy as…
A is harder than…
A comparative phrase is used in place of a not as…as…phrase.

It’s not uncommon to see Z….
It’s common to see Z…
A double-negative phrase such as (not uncommon) is replaced by a word with a positive meaning (common).

The least expensive B…
The cheapest B…
The negative superlative phrase is replace by a sperlative word with the same meaning.



5.        Change the word order
For many years, people have believed A.
People have believed A for many years.
The prepositional phrase is moved to the end of the sentence.

After this problem has been solved, work on X can continue.
Work on X can continue after this problem has been solved.
Adverb clause is moved to the end of the sentence.

6.        Change sentence connectors.
Although there is a lot of evidence to support theory Y, not all scientists believe it.
There is a lot of evidence to support theory Y; however, not all scientists believe it.
“however” is used in place of although

There are some dangers involved inB; therefore, researchers must be very cautious.
Because there are some dangers involved in B, researchers must be very cautious.
“because” is used in place of “Therefore,”