it/hey/them指代用法的小体验

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指代性替代是写作连贯性的重要标志之一。
为避免先行词混淆，很多it/they/them指代貌似功能符合下面的规则：
1 大多限于本句内使用，也就是先行词与代词在同一复合句内。
2 先行词大多限于当前话题或在句子中具有核心意义的词语。
3 若先行词在上句中，通常要利用句子结构的对称性。
4 连用场合。
一些技术性题材使用上述规则，这些代词的使用频度会降低(对比非正式语言)。
使用这些代词合乎语法的很多场合，改成了其它方法来实现指代或替代。

抄两个句子，共5个it，用法很好玩吧
Not recognising linguistic semantic knowledge as distinct from general information about the world makes it difficult to distinguish between literal and figurative meaning. Figurative usage can be inspirationally fresh, and it seems to me that it is worth asking how it differs from mundane language and how it is signalled and construed.

哇哦，很好！！！

有时，判断代词指上文哪个先行词(短语)却有些麻烦。下面是大师的句子(请勿怀疑句子的合法性)
Except for interesting confusion, 'imperfections' are rarely retained in memory. The same is true of most of the 'technical' properties of the organization of conversations. Yet, they usually exert an influence on the way in which meaning is attached to utterances and thus contribute significantly to the dynamics of interaction. ......
       1 they的先行词是哪个？'imperfections' 或/和 'technical' properties?
    2 顺便提及，the same is true of most....是IELTS写作l很有用的句型.

下面看看国际语言学牛人M.A.K. Halliday为某书系列（针对国内出版）写的序中两小段，用了4个it （喜欢用it的牛人).
而且，此牛人批评国内如今仍流行区分国语语言学和英文语言学等 。
可想象在牛人眼里所谓英文语言学的传教者是啥样子。
这个序用了很朴实的英文词汇，文字流畅性是没的说，提倡【子句偶对】pattern的派，their/those/these也很多。
尽管这段陈述作者主观见解，文字严谨性却不用于科普题材。
The availability of such a broad range of materials in linguistics will greatly help individual teachers and students to build up their own knowledge and understanding of the subject. At the same time, IT will also contribute to the development of linguistics as a discipline in Chinese universities and colleges, helping to overcome the divisions into "English linguistics", "Chinese linguistics" and so on which hunder the progress of linguistics as a unified science.(阻碍了语言学发展)

The series is to be highly commended for what IT offers to all those wanting to gain insight into the nature of language, whether from a theoetical point of view or in application to their professional activities as language teachers. IT is being lauched at a time when there are increasing opportunities in China for pursuing linguistic studies, and I am confident that IT will succeed in meeting these new requirements.

请看语言学界牛人构造的一个long sentence和it用法
If pragmatics looks at language as a form anchored in a real-world context, or what is perceived as such, one of the most immediate consequences is that IT must pay attention to types of meaning that go beyond what is 'given' by the language form itself, or what is literally 'said'.

可怜的LZ，没人顶贴
写作代词使用不当是普遍错误，尤其是this/that/those

在所谓“范文”中搜索几个例子：
1 This is undoubtedly one of the greatest success stories, but is it correct ? (指代前子句的主语)。
2 On the other hand, public traffic had its own disadvantages. Usually it cannot provide door-to-door service.  (指代前面句子的主语)
3 Apparently, it would seem that tobacco is totally different substance from drugs, and it can be used freely by public.
4 Tobacco only can be used for research and medical purpose. As far as I am concerned, as a kind of dope, tobacco has been widely used to help patients alleviate their pain in surgery. At the same time, ordinary people should not be allowed to access it legally for two main reasons. (指当前话题)

大家自己找找they和them是不是也这样？