在帮助学生应付大学学业的过程中，我发现很多学生对大学作业有着一些误会。这些错误的观念不仅导致他们花费大量的时间在作业上，也导致他们从来不能获得理想的作业分数。很多学生花一个星期在一篇2000字的Essay上，自己感觉已经竭尽全力，但是交作业的时候还是惴惴不安，祈祷一帆风顺，成绩却还是差强人意。其实，作业并非那么困难，只要你掌握作业的技巧，明白大学的要求，以及老师的阅读习惯，就会获得很好的分数。以下是本人总结的十个完成大学作业的误区。如果同学们不能从这些误区走出来，那么大学的学业仍然是非常困难。
误区1：写essay或者report要从introduction写起
写作业如同吃鱼，要从鱼身吃起，而不是鱼头。
我看到很多学生对着Introduction这个heading苦思冥想，毫无头绪。学生写了删除，删除后又重写，反反复复，就introduction就可以写上一天。这是一个错误的做法。
不管essay或者report，introduction都要放到最后写。原因有二：
1， 学生在不知道主体论述部分写什么内容的情况下，Introduction是不可能很快的完成，因为Introduction经常包含对内容的大致介绍。
2， Introduction的分重很低，只要简单明了，让老师知道大概的论述方向，就达到了目标和效果。
误区二：先做Research，再开始写
写作业象看病，小病自己解决，大病再找医生。
以前在大学读书，因为工作的原因，经常需要很短的时间去完成essay。譬如说，在一个很难的research essay上，我只用了四个小时。旁边的同学总是以为我是不上进的学生——他们认为，一个好学生，不可能只花四个小时在作业上。最后成绩出来，30分的作业，班上80%的中国学生只拿了9分，而我拿了22分。很多同学，包括KIWI，都来问我怎么写的，因为这是很著名的杀手课。
其实，我的方法很简单。看到作业的题目，我首先是自己去想，按照常识和上课的内容，去思考大致的观点。每当想到一个观点，我就写下来，并且解释这个观点。且思考且动笔，在没有做research的情况下，我已经写好了700字。
当思维“弹尽粮绝”的时候，我开始做Research。有了自己思考的基础，做Research有很清晰的方向。堆堆填填，缝缝补补，一个1500字的essay就写出来了。
先做research再动笔这个习惯有个很大的弊端：你所看到的一些文章，里面的观点可能是不重要的观点，或者是老师不强调的观点。这些观点写上去，老师不欣赏，只会给你很糟糕的分数。我看到很多学生辛辛苦苦做了research，老师却大笔一划，写上“irrelevant”。老师非常希望学生的作业出现他/她所希望看到的东西。否则，他/她怎么会给出一个好的分数？
误区三：英文好，才能够完成好的作业
世界上最畅销的产品，不一定是最好的产品。同样的道理，最高分的作业，不一定是最博学的学生写出来的。
诚然，语言能力好的同学阅读速度更快，表达能力更高，因此完成作业的效率比较高。然而，如果不掌握作业技巧，譬如说文章的结构和论述方式，语言能力好的同学也未必能够拿到好的成绩，至少未必能够拿到理想的分数。反之，语言能力不好的学生，未必不能够在作业中拿到好的分数。
好的作业，总是让老师觉得这个学生懂得很多。如何影响老师对作业的观感？语言固然重要，段落的结构、解释观点的方法、副标题等等，都是很重要的环节，虽然这些细节很少被大家注意。一个老师每天要改几十份作业，重复性那么大的工作让人焦虑和烦躁。如何让老师知道你已经掌握足够的知识？技巧很重要。
因此，写作业就象征婚，将自己的优点尽可能放大，将自己的缺点尽可能缩小。不怕刨牙，只要懂得笑不露齿，不怕皮肤黑，那是喜欢户外运动，不怕个头低，只要找准增高鞋。
误区四：写作业要满足字数要求
写作业就象女人穿衣服，多一点少一点无所谓，关键是丈夫接受和喜欢。
很多学生写作业总是紧张地查看自己的字数，怕过多或者过少。任课老师在作业上设字数限制，主要目的是为了提醒学生要长话短说。如果字数超过3000，任课老师是怕学生偷懒，该写的没写。
因此，老师在改作业的时候，不会忙不迭地看作业的字数，然后决定作业是得A还是得C。更多的时候，老师只在乎作业有多少单词是充字数，有多少耐读的东西让他爱不释手。
该写的大书特书，不该写的能省则省，才是高分的关键。
误区五：语法不重要
写作业就象举办奥运会，七分靠本事，三分靠门面。语法对两者都有大用。
很多学生认为语法在作业占的比重很低，一般只有5-10%，所以不加以重视。事实上，语法对作业的影响很大。
首先，语法错误少的作业更加容易得到老师的尊重。老师感觉到学生对待作业的认真，往往容易给一些感情分。
其次，语法错误减少，老师阅读学生的作业更加轻松，更加能够明白学生的观点。反之，如果语法错误满目皆是，老师会失去认真阅读的耐心，草率给出一个分数。
同样的观点，同样的知识，不同的语法能力，得到的是完全不同级别的分数。
误区六：TURNITIN法力无边
写作业要学金融大鳄索罗斯，将投机合法化。
“天下文章一大抄”。优秀的作业都是抄出来的，如果不抄，就只能用自己的观点去写，后果就是写不出老师需要的内容。随便打开任何作业的要求，不难发现有这么一句话——“you should refer to academic journals, textbooks and other sources for relevant theories”（“你需要参考学术报刊，课本和其他资源获得相关理论”）。仔细阅读这句话，不难发现，大学鼓励学生拾人牙慧。引用和抄袭是同义词。抄得好，就是引用，抄不好，就是抄袭。
因此，“抄”是一门艺术。大家不要以为只有本科生才“抄”，随便打开任何硕士或者博士生的毕业论文，里面都有一个可爱的部分叫“literature review”。这个冠冕堂皇的“review”，就是抄袭前人文章的集中营。既然博士的文章可以上大雅之堂，本科生的文章就绝对不是下三滥，更不可能命丧Turnitin.
很多学生在写作业的时候，对引用书本的话是又爱又恨。爱的是方便，恨的是危险。Turnitin给人感觉是个无所不能、明察秋毫的杀人软件，可以让任何抄袭无所遁形。
事实上，引用书本的话有很多技巧。在语法上，我们可以通过修改语法结构，使用近义词等方式，让原话改头换面。如果我们还有忧虑，大可以通过增加例子、深入阐述的方式，让原话彻底收归己有。在人类的智慧面前，Turnitin这种呆板的软件，是束手无策的。
误区七：慢工出细活
做作业不能象广东人煲老火汤，慢火出好汤；做作业要象涮羊肉，涮得快，才有感觉。
很多学生写作业总是写写停停，停停写写，今天安排写两段，明天安排写三段，以为这样推敲斟酌，才能够写出好作业。
这种思维最大的问题，就是作业会失去连续性。句子之间缺乏连贯性，而段落衔接不好，会给老师留下一个敷衍作业的印象。此外，作业贵在一气呵成，否则第二天重新再写，往往需要很长的时间去回想昨天写过的内容和思考遗忘的观点，影响作业完成的效率。如此一来，很多学生就情愿花钱找人写，认为自己没有时间去完成作业。这种依赖的心理一旦形成，学生就不会相信自己的实力和能力。
误区八：APA Reference很重要
很多同学总要花一个钟头检查自己的APA Reference格式，是否斜体，是否漏了句号，等等。APA Reference固然重要；然而，除非明显的错误，否则老师不会眯着眼睛，对照你的Reference是否有丝毫错误。
在考虑reference的质量过程中，老师会参考两个因素：
一，作业所依赖的参考资料是否和作业相关。
二，参考资料是否来自学术报刊和书籍。
只要满足这两个要求，APA reference就能让老师心满意足。我们的作业培训，如何提高APA Reference的质量是一个重要的技巧。一个漂亮的APA Reference List，让老师觉得学生付出了莫大的努力，是获得高分的关键。
误区九：越复杂越好
很多同学以为用复杂的句子，或者单词，就会得到老师的好感。这是一个错误的观念。大学作业不是语言考试，不需要使用复杂的从句，也不需要使用鲜见的单词。用简单的句子，和恰当的单词，展示对某个论题的理解和知识，就足以获得很好的分数。
误区十：找中文资料，用英文翻译
我不久前知道这个古老的方法。这种方法非常拙劣，效果非常低。
首先，很多中文资料本身就有问题，不能够作为有效的观点。
其次，不能够提供有效的reference
再者，学生的语言水平不足，很难将资料有效地翻译，然而使作业不伦不类。
英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...
This Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52. []'s model requires consideration of...
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54. []'s model focuses on...
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex |
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